출처:
주요내용
“평균 수심은 44 m이고, 최대 수심은 140 m이다.”
“평균 수심은 44 m”는 통용되는 숫자이고 “최대 수심은 140 m”는 근거 없는 숫자이다.
Introduction to special section: Dynamics and Circulation of the Yellow, East, and South China Seas
특집 섹션 서문: 황해, 동중국해, 남중국해의 동력학과 해류
Quanan Zheng,¹ Guohong Fang,² and Y. Tony Song³
¹ Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
² Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
³ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
정취안안(Quanan Zheng)¹, 방궈홍(Guohong Fang)², 송위둥(Y. Tony Song)³
¹ 미국 메릴랜드대학교(University of Maryland) 대기·해양과학과, 메릴랜드주 칼리지파크.
² 중국 산동성 청도 소재 국가해양국 제1해양연구소, 해양과학 및 수치모델링 중점실험실.
³ 미국 캘리포니아주 패서디나, 캘리포니아공과대학교 제트추진연구소(Jet Propulsion Laboratory).
[1]
The Yellow Sea (YS), East China Sea (ECS), and South China Sea (SCS) (YESS) are the marginal seas of the western Pacific located within 2°30′N – 39°50′N latitudes and 99°10′E–131°30′E longitudes as shown in Figure 1. The total area is about 4.65 × 10⁶ km². The seas are surrounded by 12 countries: China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, which account for over 2.0 billion of the human inhabitants (mid-2005 estimate), nearly one third of the world population. These populations are impacted by all coastal manifestations of global climate change, such as rising sea level and more frequent and severe storms [Anderson et al., 2001]. Since ancient times, the seas have served as a convenient navigation waterway for the East Asian and Southeast Asian nations to communicate with each other and with nations of the outside world [Guo et al., 2004; Su and Yuan, 2005]. Even today, the seas are among the busiest waterways in the world because of the size and the high growth rates of the region in the world economy and trade.
황해(YS), 동중국해(ECS), 남중국해(SCS)(통칭 YESS)는 그림 1에 나타난 바와 같이 서태평양의 주변해로, 위도 2°30′N–39°50′N과 경도 99°10′E–131°30′E 범위에 위치한다. 총 면적은 약 465만 km²이다. 이 해역은 중국, 북한, 한국, 일본, 필리핀, 인도네시아, 브루나이, 말레이시아, 싱가포르, 태국, 캄보디아, 베트남 등 12개 국가에 둘러싸여 있으며, 이들 지역에는 2005년 중반 기준 약 20억 명, 즉 세계 인구의 거의 3분의 1이 거주한다. 이러한 인구는 해수면 상승, 더 빈번하고 강력한 폭풍 등 전 지구적 기후변화의 모든 연안 영향에 직면한다 [Anderson et al., 2001]. 고대부터 이 바다는 동아시아와 동남아시아 국가들이 상호 간 및 외부 세계와 교류하는 편리한 항해 수로 역할을 해왔다 [Guo et al., 2004; Su and Yuan, 2005]. 오늘날에도 이 바다는 지역 경제와 무역의 규모와 높은 성장률 덕분에 세계에서 가장 분주한 해상 교통로 중 하나이다.
Figure 1. Topography and schematic representation of the major winter currents in the Yellow, East, and South China Seas. The current system diagram is a composite mainly based on Su et al. [1990] and Fine et al. [1994] for the western North Pacific, Guan [1988] for the Yellow and East China Seas, and Fang et al. [1998, 2005] for the South China Sea, with some modifications. The abbreviations stand for the following: BPIOT, Branch of the Pacific-to-Indian Ocean Throughflow; GDCC, Guangdong Coastal Current; HE, Halmahera Eddy; ITF, Indonesian Throughflow; KCC, Korea Coastal Current; KS, Kuroshio; LG, Luzon Gyre; MC, Mindanao Current; ME, Mindanao Eddy; NEC, North Equatorial Current; NECC, North Equatorial Countercurrent; NG, Nansha Gyre; SCSWC, South China Sea Warm Current; TSWC, Tsushima Warm Current; TWC, Taiwan Warm Current; YSCC, Yellow Sea Coastal Current; YSWC, Yellow Sea Warm Current; ZFCC, Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current.
그림 1. 황해, 동중국해, 남중국해의 주요 겨울 해류의 지형과 개략적 표현. 해류 체계 도표는 서북태평양에 대해서는 Su et al. [1990]과 Fine et al. [1994], 황해와 동중국해에 대해서는 Guan [1988], 남중국해에 대해서는 Fang et al. [1998, 2005]를 주로 기반으로 하고 일부 수정한 것이다. 약어는 다음을 의미한다: BPIOT, 태평양–인도양 통과류 지류(Branch of the Pacific-to-Indian Ocean Throughflow); GDCC, 광동 연안류(Guangdong Coastal Current); HE, 할마헤라 와동(Halmahera Eddy); ITF, 인도네시아 통과류(Indonesian Throughflow); KCC, 한국 연안류(Korea Coastal Current); KS, 쿠로시오(Kuroshio); LG, 루손 환류(Luzon Gyre); MC, 민다나오 해류(Mindanao Current); ME, 민다나오 와동(Mindanao Eddy); NEC, 북적도 해류(North Equatorial Current); NECC, 북적도 반류(North Equatorial Countercurrent); NG, 난사 환류(Nansha Gyre); SCSWC, 남중국해 난류(South China Sea Warm Current); TSWC, 쓰시마 난류(Tsushima Warm Current); TWC, 대만 난류(Taiwan Warm Current); YSCC, 황해 연안류(Yellow Sea Coastal Current); YSWC, 황해 난류(Yellow Sea Warm Current); ZFCC, 절강–복건 연안류(Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current).
[2]
Figure 1 shows that the water bodies of YESS connect together, but they are named separately owing to different geographic locations and distinct hydrographical features. The efforts by previous investigators have provided a general understanding of the oceanographic features of these seas. The Yellow Sea, the northernmost of the three seas, is located between 31°40′N–39°50′N and 119°10′E–126°50′E. On the north side, it borders on the Bohai Sea with a line from the Penglai Foreland of Shandong Peninsula to the Laotieshan Headland of Liaoning Peninsula. On the south side, it borders on the ECS with a line from the Qidong Bill on the north bank of the Changjiang River mouth to the southwest tip of Cheju Island. The YS is a semienclosed shallow water on the continental shelf. The meridional extent is about 870 km, and the zonal width is about 556 km with an area of about 0.38 × 10⁶ km². The average depth is 44 m, while the maximum depth is 140 m. The main hydrographic features of YS include the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass [Ho et al., 1959; Guo, 1993; Yuan and Li, 1993], the Yellow Sea Warm Current, and coastal currents [Uda, 1934; Zheng and Klemas, 1982; Hsueh et al., 1986; Beardsley et al., 1992; Yanagi and Takahashi, 1993; Tang et al., 2000; Qiao et al., 2001, 2004a; Xu et al., 2002].
그림 1은 YESS 해역이 서로 연결되어 있으나, 지리적 위치와 뚜렷한 수문학적 특성이 달라 각각 별도의 이름으로 불리고 있음을 보여준다. 선행 연구자들의 노력으로 이 바다들의 해양학적 특성에 대한 일반적인 이해가 마련되었다. 세 바다 중 가장 북쪽에 위치한 황해는 위도 31°40′N–39°50′N, 경도 119°10′E–126°50′E에 걸쳐 있다. 북쪽으로는 산동반도의 팽래 곶에서 요녕반도의 노철산 곶까지 잇는 선을 경계로 발해와 맞닿아 있다. 남쪽으로는 장강 하구 북안의 기동비에서 제주도 서남단까지 이르는 선을 경계로 동중국해와 맞닿아 있다. 황해는 대륙붕 위에 있는 반폐쇄성의 얕은 바다이다. 남북 길이는 약 870 km, 동서 너비는 약 556 km이며 면적은 약 38만 km²이다. 평균 수심은 44 m이고, 최대 수심은 140 m이다. 황해의 주요 수문학적 특징에는 황해냉수괴 [Ho et al., 1959; Guo, 1993; Yuan and Li, 1993], 황해난류, 연안 해류 등이 있다 [Uda, 1934; Zheng and Klemas, 1982; Hsueh et al., 1986; Beardsley et al., 1992; Yanagi and Takahashi, 1993; Tang et al., 2000; Qiao et al., 2001, 2004a; Xu et al., 2002].
[3]
The ECS is located between 21°54′N–33°17′N and 117°05′E–131°30′E off east China, sandwiched between the YS in the north and the SCS in the south, and separated from the western Pacific in the east by the Ryukyu Islands. It borders on the SCS with a line from the Tielugang Harbor of Fujian to the Maobitou Foreland at the south tip of Taiwan Island. The south-north length is about 1300 km, and the east-west width is about 740 km. The area is about 0.77 × 10⁶ km². The average depth is 370 m, while the maximum depth is 2322 m. The continental shelf on the western side of the sea occupies 66% of the total area. The main hydrographic features of ECS include the Kuroshio and its branches, the Yangtze River Diluted Water, Taiwan Warm Current, Tsushima Warm Current, formation of shelf-break fronts, and mesoscale processes [Uda, 1934; Mao et al., 1963; Beardsley et al., 1985; Fang and Zhao, 1988; Zheng and Yuan, 1989; Qiu and Imasato, 1990; Fang et al., 1991; Chen et al., 1992; Chern and Wang, 1992; Hsueh et al., 1992; Guan, 1994; Lie and Cho, 1994; Michida et al., 1994; Katoh et al., 2000; Ichikawa and Beardsley, 2002; Chang and Isobe, 2003; Lie et al., 2003; Guan and Fang, 2006; Qiao et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2003; Chen, 2006; Ou and Chen, 2006].
동중국해(ECS)는 중국 동부 연안, 위도 21°54′N–33°17′N, 경도 117°05′E–131°30′E에 위치하며, 북쪽으로는 황해, 남쪽으로는 남중국해 사이에 끼어 있고, 동쪽은 류큐제도에 의해 서태평양과 분리되어 있다. 남중국해와의 경계는 복건성 철로항에서 대만섬 남단의 모비두 곶까지 잇는 선으로 구분된다. 남북 길이는 약 1300 km, 동서 너비는 약 740 km이다. 면적은 약 77만 km²이다. 평균 수심은 370 m이고, 최대 수심은 2322 m이다. 바다 서쪽의 대륙붕은 전체 면적의 66%를 차지한다. 동중국해의 주요 수문학적 특징에는 쿠로시오와 그 지류, 장강 희석수, 대만난류, 대마난류, 대륙붕 사면 전선의 형성과 중규모 해양 과정 등이 포함된다 [Uda, 1934; Mao et al., 1963; Beardsley et al., 1985; Fang and Zhao, 1988; Zheng and Yuan, 1989; Qiu and Imasato, 1990; Fang et al., 1991; Chen et al., 1992; Chern and Wang, 1992; Hsueh et al., 1992; Guan, 1994; Lie and Cho, 1994; Michida et al., 1994; Katoh et al., 2000; Ichikawa and Beardsley, 2002; Chang and Isobe, 2003; Lie et al., 2003; Guan and Fang, 2006; Qiao et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2003; Chen, 2006; Ou and Chen, 2006].
[4]
The SCS, the southernmost and the largest of the three seas, is located between 2°30′N – 23°30′N and 99°10′E–121°50′E. The area is about 3.50 × 10⁶ km². In the central SCS, there is a deep basin with a maximum depth reaching 5000 m, occupying 16% of the total area. The continental and island shelf, with the depth less than 200 m extending from the coast, occupies 48% of the total area. In between is the continental and island slope, occupying 36% of the total area. The SCS is a nearly enclosed marginal sea, connected to the ECS, the Pacific, the Sulu Sea, the Java Sea, and the Indian Ocean through the Taiwan, Luzon, Balabac, Karimata, and Malacca Straits, respectively. The main circulation features in SCS include the South China Sea Warm Current, interocean circulation, Kuroshio Intrusion, multigyres structure, upwelling, mesoscale eddies, and strong internal waves [Wyrtki, 1961; Guan, 1978; Guo et al., 1985; Shaw and Chao, 1994; Liu et al., 1998; Fang et al., 1998; Li et al., 1998; Chu and Li, 2000; Ho et al., 2000; Hu et al., 2000; Qu, 2000; Kuo et al., 2000; Zheng et al., 2001; Fang et al., 2005].
남중국해(SCS)는 세 바다 중 가장 남쪽에 있으며 규모가 가장 크다. 위도 2°30′N–23°30′N, 경도 99°10′E–121°50′E에 위치한다. 면적은 약 350만 km²이다. 남중국해 중앙에는 최대 수심이 5000 m에 이르는 심해 분지가 있으며, 이는 전체 면적의 16%를 차지한다. 연안에서 뻗어 나와 수심 200 m 미만인 대륙 및 도서 대륙붕은 전체 면적의 48%를 차지한다. 그 사이에는 대륙 및 도서 사면이 자리하며, 전체 면적의 36%를 차지한다. 남중국해는 거의 폐쇄된 주변해로, 각각 대만해협, 루손해협, 발라박해협, 카리마타해협, 말라카해협을 통해 동중국해, 태평양, 술루해, 자와해, 인도양과 연결된다. 남중국해의 주요 순환 특징에는 남중국해 난류, 해양 간 순환, 쿠로시오 침투, 다중 와류 구조, 용승, 중규모 소용돌이, 강력한 내부파 등이 있다 [Wyrtki, 1961; Guan, 1978; Guo et al., 1985; Shaw and Chao, 1994; Liu et al., 1998; Fang et al., 1998; Li et al., 1998; Chu and Li, 2000; Ho et al., 2000; Hu et al., 2000; Qu, 2000; Kuo et al., 2000; Zheng et al., 2001; Fang et al., 2005].
[5]
The dynamic processes and circulation system in YESS are highly characterized not only by their interconnectivity through narrow straits and passages, but also by their connectivity with the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The seasonally reversing monsoon winds also contribute to one of the most complicated current systems in the world oceans [Metzger and Hurlburt, 1996; Song and Tang, 2002]. As the most energetic western boundary current of the Pacific, the Kuroshio directly interacts with dynamical processes with the wide range of time and length scales in YESS [Hsueh et al., 1997; Su, 1998]. The circulation patterns and interbasin exchange of water masses in the region have been of great interest because of their effects on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) development and the global thermohaline circulation [Masumoto and Yamagata, 1996; Godfrey, 1996; Hu et al., 2000; Qu et al., 2004]. The seas serve as a major filter between the Asian continent and the Pacific with a significant amount of the terrestrial nutrients and biomass being trapped [Clift et al., 2003]. Thus, studies of YESS are of significance not only regionally, but also globally.
YESS 해역의 동적 과정과 해류 체계는 좁은 해협과 수로를 통한 상호 연결성뿐만 아니라 태평양 및 인도양과의 연결성에 의해 뚜렷하게 특징지어진다. 계절적으로 반전하는 몬순 바람은 세계 해양에서 가장 복잡한 해류 체계 중 하나를 형성하는 데 기여한다 [Metzger and Hurlburt, 1996; Song and Tang, 2002]. 태평양에서 가장 에너지가 강한 서쪽 경계 해류인 쿠로시오는 YESS에서 시간 및 공간 규모가 다양한 동적 과정과 직접적으로 상호작용한다 [Hsueh et al., 1997; Su, 1998]. 이 지역의 해류 패턴과 분지 간 수괴 교환은 엘니뇨–남방진동(ENSO)의 발달 및 전 지구 열염 순환에 영향을 미치기 때문에 큰 관심을 받아왔다 [Masumoto and Yamagata, 1996; Godfrey, 1996; Hu et al., 2000; Qu et al., 2004]. 또한 이 바다는 아시아 대륙과 태평양 사이에서 주요한 필터 역할을 하여 육상 기원 영양분과 생물량의 상당 부분을 가둔다 [Clift et al., 2003]. 따라서 YESS 연구는 지역적 차원뿐만 아니라 전 지구적 차원에서도 중요한 의미를 가진다.
[6]
These important marginal seas, however, have traditionally been lacking of systematic fieldwork by advanced ocean survey technologies and detailed studies with advanced methodologies. The research work and results have seldom been reported in international journals since the high-resolution features of circulation systems and their variability trends were poorly understood. In particular, the exchange and interaction between YESS and surrounding waters, as well as the impact of freshwater forcing from river runoffs and precipitation in modulating the circulation systems have poorly been investigated and quantified. The responses of YESS to the large-scale processes such as ENSO events and monsoon circulation were lacking in in-depth studies too.
그러나 이러한 중요한 주변해들은 전통적으로 첨단 해양 조사 기술에 의한 체계적인 현장 연구와 정밀한 방법론을 활용한 상세한 연구가 부족했다. 해류 체계의 고해상도 특성과 그 변동 추세가 충분히 이해되지 못했기 때문에, 연구 성과가 국제 학술지에 보고된 경우도 드물었다. 특히 YESS와 주변 해역 간의 교환과 상호작용, 그리고 하천 유출과 강수에서 기인한 담수 공급이 해류 체계를 조절하는 데 미치는 영향은 거의 연구·정량화되지 못했다. 또한 ENSO 사건과 몬순 순환과 같은 대규모 과정에 대한 YESS의 반응 역시 심층 연구가 부족했다.
[7]
Fortunately, the situation is gradually being remedied. In recent years, a great deal of progress has been made in the studies of the dynamic processes and ocean circulation in the YESS. A series of programs and field observations, including the China-Japan Joint Research Program on the Kuroshio (1986–1992), the China-Korea Joint Investigation of the Ocean Circulation in the Yellow Sea (1996–1999), and the Environment Investigation of the China Seas (1997–2002), have been carried out. More recently, a National Key Basic Research Program funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, entitled “Research on the Formation and Variation Mechanism, Numerical Prediction Method of Coastal Circulation and the Effects on the Environment in China Seas,” was conducted from October 1999 to September 2004. In order to exchange ideas and to share research results derived from those cruises and related projects, “2004 International Workshop on Dynamic Processes/Circulation in the Yellow, East, and South China Seas (YESS 2004)” was held on November 3–6, 2004, in Qingdao, China. More than 50 papers offering novel research contributions to coastal ocean dynamic processes and circulation, observations, data analyses, theories, numerical modeling, and remote sensing studies related to the YESS were presented. The majority of the papers solicited for this Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans special section, “Dynamics and Circulation of the Yellow, East, and South China Seas,” are developed from the research results presented in YESS 2004.
다행히 상황은 점차 개선되고 있다. 최근 몇 년간 YESS 해역의 동적 과정과 해양 순환 연구에서 상당한 진전이 이루어졌다. 쿠로시오에 관한 중·일 공동연구 프로그램(1986–1992), 황해 해류에 관한 중·한 공동조사(1996–1999), 중국해 환경조사(1997–2002) 등 일련의 프로그램과 현장 관측이 수행되었다. 더 최근에는 중국 과학기술부가 지원한 국가 중점 기초연구 프로그램 “중국해에서 연안 해류의 형성과 변동 메커니즘, 수치예측 방법, 그리고 환경에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구”가 1999년 10월부터 2004년 9월까지 수행되었다. 이러한 조사와 관련 프로젝트에서 얻은 연구 성과를 교환하고 공유하기 위해, 2004년 11월 3일부터 6일까지 중국 청도에서 “황해·동중국해·남중국해 동적 과정/해류에 관한 국제워크숍(YESS 2004)”이 개최되었다. 이 자리에서는 연안 해양 동적 과정과 해류, 관측, 자료 분석, 이론, 수치 모델링, 원격탐사 연구에 관한 50편 이상의 새로운 연구 논문이 발표되었다. 이번 Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans 특별호 “황해, 동중국해, 남중국해의 동력학과 해류”에 수록된 논문의 대다수는 YESS 2004에서 발표된 연구 성과를 바탕으로 발전된 것이다.
[8]
The major advances and new results gained by the papers in this comprehensive collection can be categorized into three main themes. (1) Revelation of fine structures of hydrographic features and enrichment of understanding of regional physical oceanography: The state-of-the-art ocean survey technologies, such as Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) profiler, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), and satellite remote sensing, have been used to collect data for the regional oceanographic studies. These reveal numerous fine structures in circulation features, including seasonal and low-frequency variability and three-dimensional structures of circulation in the YS; dynamical parameter estimation of Changjiang River Diluted Water Plume, thin layer structure off Changjiang Estuary, upwelling structures on the ECS shelf, fronts in the Taiwan Strait, and the circulation in the SCS. (2) Development of numerical and theoretical models used to simulate the regional dynamical processes: A wave-tide-circulation coupled numerical model based on the POM [Blumberg and Mellor, 1987] has been developed. The model is characterized by adding a wave-induced mixing term into the modeling of the upper ocean dynamics [Yuan et al., 1991, 1992; Qiao et al., 2004b]. The 3-D hydrographic structures of YS and upwelling along the west coast of ECS generated by the model agree with observations. The flow instability theories are developed to verify the generation mechanisms of the Kuroshio-induced ocean internal wave in the Luzon Strait. (3) Explorations of long-term variability trends and interbasin exchange and interaction: Using satellite data the long-term variability trends of the sea surface winds, sea surface height, and SST in SCS are derived, and the interbasin transport is estimated.
이 종합적인 논문집에서 얻어진 주요한 진보와 새로운 성과는 세 가지 주제로 구분할 수 있다. (1) 수문학적 특징의 미세 구조를 밝히고 지역 물리해양학에 대한 이해를 풍부하게 한 것: 전도도–수온–심도(CTD) 측정기, 음향 도플러 유속계(ADCP), 위성 원격탐사 등 최첨단 해양 조사 기술이 지역 해양학 연구에 활용되었다. 이를 통해 순환 특성에서 계절적·저주파 변동성, 황해의 3차원 순환 구조, 장강 희석수 플룸의 동역학적 매개변수 추정, 장강 하구 외곽의 얇은 층 구조, 동중국해 대륙붕의 용승 구조, 대만 해협의 전선, 남중국해의 순환 등 수많은 미세 구조가 밝혀졌다. (2) 지역 동적 과정을 모의하기 위한 수치·이론 모델 개발: POM [Blumberg and Mellor, 1987]에 기초한 파랑–조석–순환 결합 수치 모델이 개발되었다. 이 모델은 상층 해양 역학을 모의하는 과정에 파랑에 의해 유도되는 혼합 항을 추가한 것이 특징이다 [Yuan et al., 1991, 1992; Qiao et al., 2004b]. 모델에서 생성된 황해의 3차원 수문 구조와 동중국해 서해안의 용승 현상은 관측 결과와 일치한다. 또한 루손 해협에서 쿠로시오에 의해 유도되는 해양 내부파의 발생 메커니즘을 검증하기 위해 유동 불안정성 이론이 개발되었다. (3) 장기 변동 추세와 분지 간 교환 및 상호작용 탐구: 위성 자료를 이용하여 남중국해에서 해수면 풍속, 해수면 높이, 해수면 온도(SST)의 장기 변동 추세가 도출되었고, 분지 간 수송량이 추정되었다.
[9]
The publication of these important results marks a new milestone for the YESS regional oceanographic studies. We do hope that the progress will be continued, in particular, new research programs to enhance the understanding of responses of YESS to the large-scale processes such as ENSO events and monsoon variability, as well as the role of YESS played in interbasin (and interocean) exchange (and interaction) should be launched in the future. Additional new data and novel model-data synthesis efforts will be truly valued contributions to the global efforts of world oceanography community.
이러한 중요한 성과들의 발표는 YESS 지역 해양학 연구에서 새로운 이정표를 의미한다. 우리는 이러한 진전이 계속 이어지기를 바라며, 특히 ENSO 사건과 몬순 변동성과 같은 대규모 과정에 대한 YESS의 반응 이해를 심화하고, YESS가 분지(및 해양) 간 교환(및 상호작용)에서 수행하는 역할을 규명하기 위한 새로운 연구 프로그램이 앞으로 추진되기를 기대한다. 또한 새로운 자료와 참신한 모델–자료 종합 연구는 세계 해양학 공동체의 전 지구적 노력에 진정으로 가치 있는 기여가 될 것이다.
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